威海市区黑松林群落的物种多样性特征

用3个丰富度指数、2个多样性指数和3个均匀度指数对威海市区11个黑松林群落多样性进行研究,并用相关分析研究了这些指数间的关系,结果表明:(1)黑松混交林群落的丰富度和多样性均高于黑松纯林群落,但均匀度却无此规律;(2)生境最优的黑松+刺槐+麻栎林(位于仙姑顶的样地11)在11个样地中的物种多样性表现最好,丰富度、多样性和均匀度都最大.而生境最差的位于火炬大厦的黑松纯林(样地2)群落的丰富度和多样性指数都最小;(3)除样地2外,其余样地群落的草本层丰富度和多样性都最大,灌木层次之,乔木层最小,均匀度无此规律;(4)3个丰富度指数之间、2个多样性指数之间以及两个Pielou均匀度指数之间存在极显著的相关性,但Alatalo均匀度指数和其它7个指数之间相关性都不显著,同时对8个物种多样性指数进行比较后发现丰富度指数中Patrick指数(S)最优,而多样性指数中Shannon-Wiener(H)最优,均匀度指数中以H为基础计算出的Pielou(JH)指数最优.     

鼠尾藻提取物对亚历山大藻的化感效应

研究不同浓度的鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水及4种不同极性有机溶剂(甲醇、丙酮、乙醚、氯仿)提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制作用.结果表明:鼠尾藻组织甲醇提取物对亚历山大藻的生长抑制活性最强,大于3×10-8 mg kg-1浓度作用下亚历山大藻在1 d内完全死亡;鼠尾藻组织蒸馏水抽提物与对照组相比在各个浓度时均能显著抑制亚历山大藻的生长,但即使在最高浓度1.6×10-6mg kg-1下亦对其无致死效应;其他3种有机溶剂提取物对亚历山大藻的生长无明显影响.表明鼠尾藻组织中含有的对亚历山大藻具有抑制作用的活性物质具有较高的极性.对鼠尾藻甲醇提取物进行液液萃取,将其分离为石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和蒸馏水相,并对亚历山大藻进行生物活性检测.结果发现,石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相具有较强的杀藻活性,表明脂肪酸可能是鼠尾藻组织内抑制亚历山大藻生长的克生物质的重要组成成分之一.图3参36     

鼠尾藻对养殖水体净化的围隔试验

通过围隔实验研究鼠尾藻对N、P的吸收速率。在秋冬季围隔实验中,围隔体积为1 040 L,藻体密度分为低、中、高三个密度组。鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.19μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为0.15μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.09μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为3.65μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为2.50μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.47μmol/[g(dw)·d];在春夏季围隔实验中,鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.64μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.45μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为2.70μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.88μmol/[g(dw)·d]。结果表明,在相同密度条件下,鼠尾藻春夏季对P的吸收速率是秋冬季的4倍;对N的吸收速率,春夏季比秋冬季略高。     

宁波市浙贝母主产地土壤重金属形态分析及污染评价

为了解宁波浙贝母种植地土壤重金属分布特征,采用ICPAES测定了章水镇种质资源圃土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn质量比,用Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的生态风险,BCR连续提取法分析其分布形态。结果表明,土壤中重金属元素总量从大到小排序为Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd,其中Cd富集程度最高,平均质量比为背景值的8倍左右,超过国家二级土壤标准。Eir指数表明,Cd的潜在风险指数也最高,75%区域处于很高或高潜在生态风险;RI指数表明,90%区域处于高潜在生态风险或中潜在生态风险。土壤中重金属均以残渣态为主,但Zn的弱酸提取态、Cu的可氧化态比例相对较高,Cd的3种可提取态相加接近45%,具有高潜在危害性。相关性分析表明,Cu和Zn、Cr和Ni,以及Cu和Cd重金属的来源具有相似性,且不同形态重金属之间可能会发生迁移转化。p H值与各种重金属的形态之间不存在明显的相关关系,有机质对重金属化学形态的影响因重金属种类不同而有差异。     

川贝植被分布格局的数值分析

本文报道了暗紫贝母的生态分布、植被的种类组成及其区系分析,并通过相似系数法对暗紫贝母分布的群落进行了数值分类,为川贝母的野生抚育和药材生产保护区的建立提供了依据。     

Declines in Woodland Salamander Abundance Associated with Non-Native Earthworm and Plant Invasions

Abstract:  Factors that negatively affect the quality of wildlife habitat are a major concern for conservation. Non-native species invasions, in particular, are perceived as a global threat to the quality of wildlife habitat. Recent evidence indicates that some changes to understory plant communities in northern temperate forests of North America, including invasions by 3 non-native plant species, are facilitated by non-native earthworm invasion. Furthermore, non-native earthworm invasions cause a reduction in leaf litter on the forest floor, and the loss of forest leaf litter is commonly associated with declines in forest fauna, including amphibians. We conducted a mark-recapture study of woodland salamander abundance across plant invasion fronts at 10 sites to determine whether earthworm or plant invasions were associated with reduced salamander abundance. Salamander abundance declined exponentially with decreasing leaf litter volume. There was no significant relationship between invasive plant cover and salamander abundance, independent of the effects of leaf litter loss due to earthworm invasion. An analysis of selected salamander prey abundance (excluding earthworms) at 4 sites showed that prey abundance declined with declining leaf litter. The loss of leaf litter layers due to non-native earthworm invasions appears to be negatively affecting woodland salamander abundance, in part, because of declines in the abundance of small arthropods that are a stable resource for salamanders. Our results demonstrate that earthworm invasions pose a significant threat to woodland amphibian fauna in the northeastern United States, and that plant invasions are symptomatic of degraded amphibian habitat but are not necessarily drivers of habitat degradation.     

组培川贝母鳞茎形成和发育过程中的同功酶分析

在组培川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don）鳞茎形成和发育过程中，获得愈伤组织、胚性愈伤组织、胚状体、小鳞茎和大鳞茎，分别作过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶电沪分析和活性分析。结果表明，3种酶都参与了川贝母鳞茎形成和发育，且酶的表达量和活性随不同的时间发生变化。过氧化物酶的B区酶带变化明显，小鳞茎阶段活性较氧化氢酶在胚状体和大鳞茎阶段几乎不表达，但在小鳞茎阶段表达量增加十分明显，活性也较高；淀粉酶的3条谱带在胚状体阶段表达明显，活性也最高，但在大鳞茎阶段则几乎没有表达。图7参7     

Earthworm Invasion as the Driving Force Behind Plant Invasion and Community Change in Northeastern North American Forests

Abstract:  Identification of factors that drive changes in plant community structure and contribute to decline and endangerment of native plant species is essential to the development of appropriate management strategies. Introduced species are assumed to be driving causes of shifts in native plant communities, but unequivocal evidence supporting this view is frequently lacking. We measured native vegetation, non-native earthworm biomass, and leaf-litter volume in 15 forests in the presence and absence of 3 non-native plant species ( Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, Berberis thunbergii ) to assess the general impact of non-native plant and earthworm invasions on native plant communities in northeastern United States. Non-native plant cover was positively correlated with total native plant cover and non-native earthworm biomass. Earthworm biomass was negatively associated with cover of native woody and most herbaceous plants and with litter volume. Graminoid cover was positively associated with non-native earthworm biomass and non-native plant cover. These earthworm-associated responses were detected at all sites despite differences in earthworm species and abundance, composition of the native plant community, identity of invasive plant species, and geographic region. These patterns suggest earthworm invasion, rather than non-native plant invasion, is the driving force behind changes in forest plant communities in northeastern North America, including declines in native plant species, and earthworm invasions appear to facilitate plant invasions in these forests. Thus, a focus on management of invasive plant species may be insufficient to protect northeastern forest understory species.